Regrouting shower tile - Dec 13, 2023 · Use a grout float to apply the grout mixture diagonally across the tiles. Removing Excess Grout. Use a damp sponge to remove excess grout and clean the tiles. Curing. Allow the grout to cure for the recommended time. Sealing. Apply grout sealer to protect the grout from stains and moisture.

 
Low-Cost Improvements That Also Save Time. You will notice the convenience and the lower cost of regrouting. The Grout Medic will remove the old grout and replace it in most cases within one day, with the surface typically ready for use the next day. You will notice how clean and new your tile and your grout look after you have the area regrouted. . Where do bison live

After Tile Regrouting (Shower over Bath) What is Tile Regrouting? Using a specially designed mechanical tool, the technician removes the grout from around the tiles to a depth of approximately 3 to 4 mm. Like any task, the preparation is the most important part of the final outcome. Once this has been completed, the area is then vacuumed and ...Mar 9, 2021 · Regrouting your tile is a simple task that can be done in a small amount of time. The only aspect that takes some time in this process is the curing of the grout. All you need is some grout mix and a couple easy to use tools. Part 1. Preparing to Grout. Download Article. 1. Decide what type of grout you will be using. Shower & Tile re-grouting in Perth by experienced experts. ☎️ 1300 656 433 We Re grout Tiles to seal showers and balconies, 25 Year Guarantee ... Specifically, let’s look at regrouting shower and bathroom tiles. This can spruce up your bathroom and prevent leaks at the same time. If your tiles simply need a face-lift, or if you think ...There is nothing more relaxing than a bubble bath at the end of a very …. 461. With over a decade of experience of bathroom resurfacing services in Melbourne, VIC including bathroom tile resurfacing and bathtub resurfacing, our services are a class apart within the budget. E: [email protected] Regrouting Perth. ePoxy Grout Worx Pty Ltd specialises in residential and commercial tile regrouting throughout Perth. Our affordable services include leaking showers and balconies, bathroom makeovers, new shower screens, general silicone/regrouting and plumbing. We are officially inspected and certified by a market leader and global brand ...Re-grouting a shower or replacing silicone will not stop a shower from leaking. Re-grouting or re-sealing is not a substitute for rebuilding a shower or bathroom with failed or non-compliant waterproofing or tiling. Our client’s money would provide more value if used to save towards a permanent repair if they have a leaking shower.With travertine tile in your home, you’ll be surrounded by the understated beauty of natural stone’s texture and warmth. Elegant travertine tile can stay gorgeous for many years as...Wall tiles are not suitable for use as floor tiles, though floor tiles can be used as wall tiles if desired. This is primarily due to weaker materials being used in wall tiles than... Low-Cost Improvements That Also Save Time. You will notice the convenience and the lower cost of regrouting. The Grout Medic will remove the old grout and replace it in most cases within one day, with the surface typically ready for use the next day. You will notice how clean and new your tile and your grout look after you have the area regrouted. Home. Showers. How to Regrout & Seal a Shower. Showers / By Wakoko. Even if you regularly clean your bathroom tiles, filthy grout lines can severely ruin the appearance of …We can fix any leak without removing your tiles! Alpha Sealed WA is Perth’s trusted provider of bathroom tile regrouting, shower repairs, and balcony resealing services. We have more than a decade of experience in the industry, coupled with our commitment to providing the best possible service and affordable prices, is why so much of our work ...Regrouting your shower tiles is a testament to your dedication to maintaining a welcoming and functional home environment. Through careful preparation, meticulous application, and diligent maintenance, you’ve elevated the aesthetic appeal and longevity of your shower, fostering a space that embodies both beauty and resilience. ...4. Wash down and finish. Remove as much grout as possible off the tiles and get a damp sponge and wipe down the area you have just grouted. Wring out the sponge and repeat. Now run a grout finishing tool along the grout to get a smooth even finish. Alternatively use the end of a round pencil.To schedule your appointment or to obtain a free estimate, please Call 03 5410 7929 or use our online enquiry form. We cover all Melbourne suburbs, all Knox area and all the surrounding area to Rowville. Rowville Tile Restoration offer full shower regrouting service in Rowville. Our service includes fully regrouting all shower floors and walls.Jul 20, 2023 · You need to make sure you get the consistency right, so spend some time on this step. Apply the grout using a grout float to spread the grout mixture diagonally across the tile joints, ensuring full coverage. Hold the float at a 45-degree angle and press the grout firmly into all the joints. See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Tile Regrouting in Riverside, CA - March 2024 - Yelp - OcReGrout, Mitchell’s Stone restoration and Cleaning service, The Groutsmith, Steve the Grout Guy, Regrout Systems, Precision Carpet And Tile Cleaning, Fix Grout Tile & Grout Cleaning, StoneShine, Groutzilla, The Grout Doctor - North Orange ... Leaking Shower Repair. Leaking showers can be caused by numerous things but the most common cause is when water is leaking through you shower walls or floor, via cracked or decayed grout, allowing water to travel behind tiles which can cause costly structural damage whilst producing mould & dampness. Other causes of a leaking shower can be …Re: How to re grout/over grout bathroom shower tile. I would recommend the Davco 1.5kg White Sanitized Colourgrout to re-grout your tiled area. If you are just patching certain areas you can use the Dunlop 800g Ready-To-Go Coloured Grout - White. I suggest using the QEP Carbide Grout Saw to remove the old grout.Shower Regrouting Toowoomba. Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like ORANGE GROVE TILE RESTORATION. A common area where regrouting might be required is showers. It is not a DIY task and if …Welcome to The Regrout Service - Established in 2001. Tile regrouting London make bathroom, shower, kitchen tiles and grout look like new again and renew silicone sealants. Due to the increasing popularity and volume of tiled areas in domestic and commercial premises, we provide a niche service to renew & maintain ceramic tiles, grout and ...Tile regrouting of your showers, tub surrounds, floors, or countertops can be done for a fraction of the cost, time, and mess of a full renovation. Carolina ...Highly recommended! In particular, our master shower showed the wear of 20 years of use. Now it looks brand new after grout replacement, cleaning and sealing. They also did a fantastic job on regrouting and sealing our tile floor; again, it looks brand new. The spare bath was done as well. Superb job in matching the grout to the terracotta tile.The basic cost to Regrout Tile is $14.16 - $31.55 per square foot in January 2024, but can vary significantly with site conditions and options. Use our free HOMEWYSE CALCULATOR to estimate fair costs for your SPECIFIC project. See typical tasks and time to regrout tile, along with per unit costs and material requirements. See professionally prepared …Regrouting shower tile can generally be done in one afternoon. A few hours will be spent removing the old grout and then about that same amount of time will be spent cleaning up, adding the new grout, and adding the finishing touches. A good rule of thumb is to expect the project to take 15 minutes per square foot.We first apply a non-toxic, pH-neutral cleaner to your tile and grout. We then deep clean your tile and grout by machine with a high-speed, yet gentle scrubber that also extracts the dirt from your tile and grout. For particularly stubborn areas, vapor steam cleaning may be used. Our final step is applying Sir Grout's proprietary Tile Armor, a ...When grout becomes dull or discoloured it can ruin the look of your tiled areas. Grout can get beyond cleaning, whether it’s in your walls or floors. We specialise in transforming your tiled areas and can re grout showers, bathrooms, kitchen splashbacks and any other tiled area. Tile Rescue only uses premium grade epoxy and cement based grout ...This is certainly not always the case when it comes to a leaking shower. Most leaks are caused from the breakdown of grout and can be repaired without having to call a plumber and without the removal of any tiles. Call The Grout Guy now on 1300 844 897 for an obligation free quote!When to Regrout Your Tile? ... Regrouting is a must when it starts showing signs of discoloring or the stains on it are difficult to remove. Regrouting your tiles ...Jun 19, 2014 · https://pristinepete.comStep by step tutorial on how to re-grout a shower, this video was shot at a job in Stafford Virginia.Pristine Tile & Carpet Cleaning6... Grout Repair or Replacement. Grout Installation. Cleaning and Sealing of Natural Stone – Travertine, marble, limestone, terrazzo, slate, and granite. Minor Wall Repair. Certified Application of EnduroShield ® (a permanent protective coating for tile and grout, glass, and stainless steel) Natural Stone Restoration – Polishing and ...Tile regrouting of your showers, tub surrounds, floors, or countertops can be done for a fraction of the cost, time, and mess of a full renovation. Carolina ...With travertine tile in your home, you’ll be surrounded by the understated beauty of natural stone’s texture and warmth. Elegant travertine tile can stay gorgeous for many years as...Here is a quick guide on how to regrout tile without going through the trouble of removing old grout. You can get started on this project regardless of your expertise. Contents [ hide] 1 Step 1: Selecting Suitable Grout. 2 Step 2: Scraping Away Old Grout. 3 Step 3: Removing Dust and Disinfecting. 4 Step 4: Grout Application Technique.Regrouting Tiles And Fixing Leaking Showers. We specialise in repairing leaking showers without having to remove any tiles. We do this by re-grouting, and replacing old silicone. We can have your shower water tight and looking completely transformed within a day. Leaking Showers Sealed is a bathroom restoration specialist company and can …Shower Regrouting Adelaide . Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like ADELAIDE TILE SOLUTIONS. A common area where regrouting might be required is showers. It is not a DIY task and if not done …Shower Regrouting Canberra. Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like ORANGE GROVE TILE RESTORATION. A common area where regrouting might be required is showers. It is not a DIY task and if …Regrout Shower Floor Tile (Quick Tips) Home Repair Tutor. 591K subscribers. Subscribed. 726. 146K views 5 years ago. Today's video shares tips on how to regrout …The first step in regrouting a shower is to remove the old grout, which can be done using a grout diamond cutter. Start by carefully sawing through or scraping away the grout along the tiles’ edges. This will help to loosen the grout and make it easier to remove. Work inward, carefully sawing or scraping the grout between the tiles.Shower Regrouting Toowoomba. Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like ORANGE GROVE TILE RESTORATION. A common area where regrouting might be required is showers. It is not a DIY task and if … Subscribe Now:http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=EHowatHomeChannelWatch More:http://www.youtube.com/EHowatHomeChannelYou can regrout bathroo... Superior Shower Regrouting with Ultra Bond Grout. Shower & Bathroom Regrouting: Brisbane, Ipswich, Logan, Gold Coast, Tweed Heads to Byron Bay Shower or bathroom regrouting refers to removing and replacing the dirty old or mouldy grout from between your shower or bathroom tiles. Regrouting alone can be a great way to bring life back to a …Grout Repair or Replacement. Grout Installation. Cleaning and Sealing of Natural Stone – Travertine, marble, limestone, terrazzo, slate, and granite. Minor Wall Repair. Certified Application of EnduroShield ® (a permanent protective coating for tile and grout, glass, and stainless steel) Natural Stone Restoration – Polishing and ...Grout Repair or Replacement. Grout Installation. Cleaning and Sealing of Natural Stone – Travertine, marble, limestone, terrazzo, slate, and granite. Minor Wall Repair. Certified Application of EnduroShield ® (a permanent protective coating for tile and grout, glass, and stainless steel) Natural Stone Restoration – Polishing and ...Dec 14, 2017 · Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/2lwqEW4 Full episodes here: https://bit.ly/2lxzVgC Scott shows us how to easily re-grout tiles to bring a bathroom back to lif... Regrouting showers and tiles is a quick and budget-friendly fix if mould has already grown into some parts of your bathroom. We highly recommend using epoxy over cement-based when regrouting tiles because it’s stronger, more durable, and only requires light maintenance.. At the first sign of grout damage, you must regrout shower tiles …Oct 6, 2020 · Top Tips for Regrouting Tile If your floor, backsplash, or tub surround is looking a little tired and outdated, the solution may be as simple as cleaning, reviving, or replacing the grout. Shower Tile Regrouting is the process of removing the existing grout and installing new. Call the grout experts at We Caulk Showers for an estimate.The cost to regrout shower with a tile contractor ranges between $600 and $2,500. Here are some advantages of working with a tile contractor for this project: Expertise: Tile contractors possess a great deal of skill and experience when it comes to handling a variety of tiles and grout. Their expertise involves a thorough knowledge of …Regrouting shower tile can generally be done in one afternoon. A few hours will be spent removing the old grout and then about that same amount of time will be spent …What to do? Regrout your shower tiles at the first sign of damage. The longer you wait, the bigger the damage will be on your floor and walls. Conduct regular visual tests to see …Aug 14, 2023 · Step 2: Use a grout saw, utility knife, or another grout removal tool to remove approximately 2mm of grout from between all of the tiles. Step 3: Use a vacuum to remove any leftover debris or dust. Step 4: Mix your new grout according to the manufacturer’s directions. Step 5: Apply the new grout to the area, holding your putty knife at a 45 ... Shower Regrouting Perth metro, Peel and South West INSTANT QUOTE Regrout and Seal your showers OUR SERVICES Grout and tile repairs & bathroom maintenance If you experience reoccurring mould we can help. Regrouting showers & other tiled areas Stop leaks Silicone replacement Tile repairs and small tiling projects ABOUT US Perth home …Typical prices for skim coating jobs are $1.70 to $5 per square foot when regrouting. The average cost to seal grout afterward is between $0.90 and $1.60 per square foot. If you’re planning on regrouting because your existing grout looks old and discolored, you could also consider hiring a tile and grout cleaner near you to take a …Contact GIB Tiling Today. If you have any questions about tile regrouting Perth and its surrounding areas, please call and speak to one of our dedicated team today on 0404 467 471. They will be only too happy to help you and start the process of your obligation free quote. Contact GIB Tiling.Grout Wizards use the latest in cleaning and restoration techniques that are exclusive to Grout Wizards to bring your tiled areas back to their original beauty. If you’ve noticed cracks, chips on the tiles, cracked or missing grout around the bath, showers or kitchen sinks, then it is time to call the acknowledged industry experts at Grout ...Canberra Shower Regrouting. Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like CANBERRA TILE SOLUTIONS. A common area where regrouting might be required is showers. It is not a DIY task and if not done …If you’re looking to give your home a updated look, Floor & Decor tile flooring is a great option. Not only is it high-quality and easy to clean, but it can also improve the aesthe...Regrouting Tiles And Regrouting Showers Since 1998. With over 25 years of experience and 80,000 showers repaired to date, we guarantee that every shower regrout repair we will do for our clients is nothing short of what we will do for ourselves. You can have complete confidence that we will deliver the highest level of shower and tile ...Sir Grout is a leading local hard surface restoration company that specializes in regrouting tile floors and walls. We offer superior customer service and state ...The basic cost to Regrout Tile is $14.16 - $31.55 per square foot in January 2024, but can vary significantly with site conditions and options. Use our free HOMEWYSE CALCULATOR to estimate fair costs for your SPECIFIC project. See typical tasks and time to regrout tile, along with per unit costs and material requirements. See professionally prepared … 9. Sponge off the mess. Dip a sponge in clean water and squeeze it out. You want it damp, not dripping because excess water can cause efflorescence in your grout. Meaning the water will ‘pull’ salts and mineral deposits to the surface of your grout, leaving unpleasant flaky sediments on your tile. Dec 11, 2023 ... Shower and bathroom regrouting costs. Shower or bathroom regrouting costs $7 to $28 per square foot, depending on the area, tile size and ...Regrouting shower tile can generally be done in one afternoon. A few hours will be spent removing the old grout and then about that same amount of time will be spent cleaning up, adding the new grout, and adding the finishing touches. A good rule of thumb is to expect the project to take 15 minutes per square foot.Welcome to The Regrout Service - Established in 2001. Tile regrouting London make bathroom, shower, kitchen tiles and grout look like new again and renew silicone sealants. Due to the increasing popularity and volume of tiled areas in domestic and commercial premises, we provide a niche service to renew & maintain ceramic tiles, grout and ...Feb 1, 2024 · The cost to regrout shower tiles is $1,500, though it’s possible for homeowners to spend between $600 and $2,500. The size of the shower, tile type and size, tile spacing, type of grout, labor ... Melbourne Regrouting. Regrouting is a task where the grout lines in between the tiles, floor and wall are removed and then new ones grouted. The process involves a number of steps which require experienced professionals like MELBOURNE TILE RESTORATION. Common areas where regrouting might be required are showers, balconies and heavy …Project: Regrout a tile floor, shower or backsplash. Why: Regrouting is a great way to improve the look of a bathroom, backsplash or kitchen area without doing a full renovation. It’s a good project for you if: You are a homeowner with patience, even a tendency to be meticulous.But if you can’t stand to obsess over details, this one’s …Wall tiles are not suitable for use as floor tiles, though floor tiles can be used as wall tiles if desired. This is primarily due to weaker materials being used in wall tiles than...Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/2lwqEW4 Full episodes here: https://bit.ly/2lxzVgC Scott shows us how to easily re-grout tiles to bring a bathroom back to lif...Are you considering a tile removal and installation project? Before you dive into this exciting home improvement venture, it’s important to have a good understanding of the average...At Surface Masters, Only Qualified and certified professionals Perform Tile Regrouting services. Our Professionals Uses Specially designed mechanical tools to remove the grout from area to a depth of 2-4mm. After that, We vacuum the area for depth cleaning After removal of old grout and add new grout with anti-mold additives.Sep 1, 2022 ... Cost to Regrout Tiles per Square Foot. The cost to regrout tiles is $5 to $25 per square foot and varies depending on the type of tiles being ... Has your tile grout seen better days? Tile Warehouse has teamed up with @ProperDIY to show you how the quickest and easiest way to re-grout your bathroom or ... Jul 20, 2023 · You need to make sure you get the consistency right, so spend some time on this step. Apply the grout using a grout float to spread the grout mixture diagonally across the tile joints, ensuring full coverage. Hold the float at a 45-degree angle and press the grout firmly into all the joints. Toorak VIC, Australia. 28th Jan 2024. This job is to (1) clear the grout from between the tiles of the shower stall, then (2) completely regrout the entire area. Regrouting includes the entire floor and the ledge surrounding the floor perimeter; wall is not required. 3) caulking the perimeter after grouting.New shower screens can be arranged by us. All shower screens are installed & made to order by a quality glass company we have been dealing with since 2000. You make the one contact with us and we will arrange the rest. We offer framed to frameless shower screens in a range of colours, sizes & styles to suit your requirements. Correct measuring ...After Tile Regrouting (Shower over Bath) What is Tile Regrouting? Using a specially designed mechanical tool, the technician removes the grout from around the tiles to a depth of approximately 3 to 4 mm. Like any task, the preparation is the most important part of the final outcome. Once this has been completed, the area is then vacuumed and ...Sep 20, 2017 ... This weekend I tried two options - Dremel EZ545 and Dremel SawMax with a simple jig. For my application - just a short section of grout line, ...Knowing how to regrout shower tile can save you money in the long run by preventing more extensive repairs along the way while also teaching you valuable skills. … Has your tile grout seen better days? Tile Warehouse has teamed up with @ProperDIY to show you how the quickest and easiest way to re-grout your bathroom or ... Mail: [email protected]. Phone: 02-9822-1872. Tile Regrouting provides professional grout and leaking shower repair, regrouting tiles services and more to Sydney, NSW and surrounding area.Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/2lwqEW4 Full episodes here: https://bit.ly/2lxzVgC Scott shows us how to easily re-grout tiles to bring a bathroom back to lif...To schedule your appointment or to obtain a free estimate, please Call 1300 771 201 or use the online enquiry form at the top of the page. Townsville Tile Regrouting. Professional Regrouting & Grout Restoration Services. We are experts in regrouting Ceramic, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Porcelain, Quarry, Travertine, Slate & Terracotta Tile ...Tile Rescue is Australia’s leading Tile and Grout Cleaning and Maintenance Group, providing smart and efficient solutions for residential and commercial properties for more than 25 years.. Our expert technicians specialise in everything from restoring leaking showers and balconies to cleaning and repairing tiles and grout sealing.We are the …Jan 10, 2017 · Project: Regrout a tile floor, shower or backsplash. Why: Regrouting is a great way to improve the look of a bathroom, backsplash or kitchen area without doing a full renovation. It’s a good project for you if: You are a homeowner with patience, even a tendency to be meticulous. But if you can’t stand to obsess over details, this one’s ... Tile Rescue is Australia’s leading Tile and Grout Cleaning and Maintenance Group, providing smart and efficient solutions for residential and commercial properties for more than 25 years.. Our expert technicians specialise in everything from restoring leaking showers and balconies to cleaning and repairing tiles and grout sealing.We are the …This is certainly not always the case when it comes to a leaking shower. Most leaks are caused from the breakdown of grout and can be repaired without having to call a plumber and without the removal of any tiles. Call The Grout Guy now on 1300 844 897 for an obligation free quote!After Tile Regrouting (Shower over Bath) What is Tile Regrouting? Using a specially designed mechanical tool, the technician removes the grout from around the tiles to a depth of approximately 3 to 4 mm. Like any task, the preparation is the most important part of the final outcome. Once this has been completed, the area is then vacuumed and ...Over 20 years of experience. ReGrout WA is a family owned and operated business based in Bunbury and servicing the vast area of the South-West and beyond. ReGrout WA specialise in fixing leaking showers and balconies without removing tiles. We do this by using our specialised epoxy grout system, its durability makes it the ideal choice for ...

Welcome to Professional Regrout Services - Established in 2001. We make bathroom, shower, kitchen tiles and grout look like new again and renew silicone sealants. Due to the increasing popularity and volume of tiled areas in domestic and commercial premises, we provide a niche service to renew & maintain ceramic tiles, grout and silicone sealants.. How to get rid of daddy long legs

regrouting shower tile

Step 1. Prepare The Area. The first step in making sure that the regrouting process goes underway correctly is to ensure that you’re perfectly prepared. This means, gathering the proper equipment for the job. Step 2. Extract Old Grout. Once you’ve set everything up, it’s time to go ahead and chip away at the old grout. Megasealed’s tile over tile service includes priming, waterproofing and retiling of the existing surface – all using our exclusive range of tiling products. Before laying the new layer of tiles, we install a new waterproof membrane to ensure the area is water tight. Megagrout Epoxy MG14 is then installed into all joints and tiles, while our ...If you’d like to learn more about our shower regrouting services in Perth and surrounding areas, please don’t hesitate to get in touch for an obligation free quote. We only use the highest quality materials when regrouting tiles in your bathroom and will not sign any. job off as finished until you are 100% satisfied. Call today on 0404 467 471.Project: Regrout a tile floor, shower or backsplash. Why: Regrouting is a great way to improve the look of a bathroom, backsplash or kitchen area without ...Once our Brisbane shower repair and regrouting experts at The Grout Guy have inspected your shower, they will recommend either spot repairs or a total shower regrout. The first step is to remove the old grout, then clean the area and finally, install and seal a new watertight grout joint. With clean tiles and new grout, your shower will look …Distributing Grout into the Tile Joints. Once your grout is properly mixed, begin applying it to your tiles. First, you can add the grout to the tiles with a plastic trowel.Then, you can use a grout float to get it into the joints.. Using a grout float is the easiest way to get the material deep into the tiles. A grout float is meant to force the …Grout offers professional tile regrouting, grout repair, and epoxy regrouting services to revive and enhance the beauty of your tiled surfaces. Our skilled technicians specialize in meticulously removing old, discolored grout and replacing it with fresh, durable grout or epoxy solutions. Whether you need a simple grout touch-up or a complete ...Professional grout cleaning in Rochester NY! The tile man will restore your kitchen or bathroom grout to like-new condition, and guarantees the best ... Low-Cost Improvements That Also Save Time. You will notice the convenience and the lower cost of regrouting. The Grout Medic will remove the old grout and replace it in most cases within one day, with the surface typically ready for use the next day. You will notice how clean and new your tile and your grout look after you have the area regrouted. Dec 11, 2023 ... Shower and bathroom regrouting costs. Shower or bathroom regrouting costs $7 to $28 per square foot, depending on the area, tile size and ...Regrouting - Labour (per day) £320. Cost of regrouting a bathroom. £380. Cost of regrouting shower. £160. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. If you are budgeting for a regrouting job it is worth noting that the cost of regrouting is usually divided between the price of the materials and the ….

Popular Topics